Macrophage and Monocyte biology

Controlled immune environment to evaluate drug effects on macrophage phenotype

Redoxis differentiates CD14⁺ monocytes into macrophages under standardized, reproducible conditions before polarizing them into M0, M1, and M2 subsets. This system allows precise evaluation of how compounds shift macrophage phenotype, activation state, and function.

What we measure

• M1 phenotype: CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, pro-inflammatory cytokines

• M2 phenotype: CD206, CD163, IL-10

• Macrophage frequency: CD68⁺ cells

• Phenotype shifts induced by compound treatment

• Cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10)

Readouts

• Flow cytometry

• Luminex / ELISA

• Gene expression (qPCR, ddPCR)

• Viability and turnover profiling

Applications

• Anti-inflammatory drug screening

• Mechanism-of-action studies

• Immunometabolism and tissue repair research

• Evaluating macrophage-driven disease pathways

Understanding innate immune responses and inflammatory pathways

These assays quantify how macrophages respond to specific stimuli or drugs. Using classical activators (LPS, IFN-γ) or alternative activators (IL-4, IL-13), we assess a broad set of functional parameters.

What we measure

• Cytokine and chemokine production

• Surface activation markers

• Intracellular signaling events

• Responsiveness to immunomodulatory agents

Readouts

• Protein secretion via Luminex/ELISA

• Flow cytometric marker profiling

• Phosphorylation and signaling analysis (optional)

• Morphological activation (optional imaging)

Applications

• Innate immune activation models

• Cytokine-storm risk profiling

• Inflammatory disease mechanism studies

• Immunotherapy and biologic development

Specialized evaluation of IL-1β/IL-18 responses and danger signaling

Inflammasome activation plays a crucial role in autoinflammatory diseases, neuroinflammation, fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. Redoxis provides LPS priming followed by ATP or Nigericin activation to measure inflammasome responsiveness.

What we measure

• IL-1β and IL-18 release

• Caspase-1 activation

• NLRP3 activation dynamics

• Inflammation attenuation by drug candidates

Readouts

• Luminex or ELISA

• Flow cytometry (optional)

• Gene expression changes (NLRP3-related pathways)

Applications

• Inflammasome inhibitor screening

• Understanding innate danger responses

• Mechanistic profiling of inflammatory pathways

Evaluating clearance and innate immune function

Macrophages are professional phagocytes, and phagocytosis is a key functional measurement for innate immune research.

What we measure

• Uptake of fluorescent particles or apoptotic cells

• Rate and efficiency of phagocytosis

• Activation following phagocytic events

• Drug-mediated modulation of phagocytic function

Readouts

• Flow cytometry quantification

• Imaging-based uptake (optional)

• Cytokine responses after phagocytosis

Applications

• Evaluating innate immune competence

• Studying pro-resolving vs pro-inflammatory activities

• Drug effects on pathogen clearance or debris handling

Early innate immune responses and circulating precursors

Human monocytes provide a direct readout of innate activation and responsiveness to therapeutic compounds.

What we measure

• Activation markers (CD14, CD16, HLA-DR)

• Transition into inflammatory phenotypes

• Cytokine production after stimulation

• Differentiation potential into macrophages or dendritic cells

Readouts

• Flow cytometry

• Luminex / ELISA

• Gene expression (optional)

Applications

• Early innate immune activation

• Inflammatory disease modeling

• ATMPs & biologics safety assessment

• PBMC-based translational immunology